Prohibition Essay - 1235 Words

Prohibition Prohibition, â€Å"The Noble Experiment,† was a great and genius idea on paper, but did not go as planned. With illegal activities still increasing and bootlegging at its all time high, it was no wonder the idea crumbled. Could they have revised the law to make it more effective? If so, would the law be in place today, and how would that have changed our lives today? Although it was brief, Prohibition will remain a huge part of America’s history. Completely illegalizing the production and consumption of alcohol was a great plan that ended up being a great failure. Prohibition, under the Eighteenth Amendment was the Governments idea of illegalizing the consumption, production, and transportation of intoxicating liquors.†¦show more content†¦Prohibition was supposed to lower crime and the consumption of intoxicating liquor, but instead did the exact opposite. The prestige of government has undoubtedly been lowered considerably by the prohibition law. For nothing is more destructive of respect for the government and the law of the land than passing laws which cannot be enforced. It is an open secret that the dangerous increase of crime in this country is closely connected with this, Albert Einstein. (Internet, quotes on Prohibition, page 1) Prohibition not only failed to prevent the consumption of intoxicating liquor, but also led to extensive production of unregulated, untaxed and very harmful alcohol. With more violence, political corruption and the creation of organized crime, the amendment was finally overturned when Utah, the thirty-sixth state needed to ratify the 21st amendment came forward and agreed on December 5, 1933. Amazingly, many people today still believe Prohibition was a success. With so much corruption and depravity, failure seemed inevitable, but how would history and the present have differed if the law were never amended? Nationally, over 534,000 people sustain injuries from alcohol related collisions a year, which adds up to be about one a minute. Around 16,000 dieShow MoreRelatedProhibition Of Drugs And Alcohol1492 Words   |  6 PagesPopular belief holds that consumption of drugs and alcohol encourages violence and that the appropriate response is prohibition of these goods. However, a different viewpoint is that prohibition creates illegal underground markets, which require violence and crime to remedy in-house disputes. This paper examines the relationship between prohibition and violence using the historical data and behavior following previous U.S. drug and alcohol laws, regulations, and enforcement on indicators of violenceRead More Prohibition Essay730 Words   |  3 Pages Prohibition nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The success of the prohibition movement can be seen from many different views. It was measured by the prohibitionists many motives, their social make-up, their creative reasons they came up with to promote their cause, and the positive outcomes they imagined possible by prohibiting alcohol consumption. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The prohibitionists had several motives for letting loose their concern of alcohol. The main issue discussed, using theRead MoreProhibition And Prohibition Of Alcohol1007 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment and prohibition of alcohol. The Eighteenth Amendment had made the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol illegal. By illegalizing alcohol, the Eighteenth Amendment attempted to decrease domestic violence, increase productivity in the workplace, and diminish poverty and health problems associated with the consumption of alcohol. Instead it created organized crime, disrespect for the law, and general resentment towards the government. 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As the alcohol consumption rose substantially before the 1920s, it spurred the temperance movementsRead MoreThe Drug Prohibition Of The United States Of America1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe cohorts of drug prohibition argue that the benefits of the prohibition are self-evident and undeniable. The basis of this assumption argument is that without prohibition the consumption of drug would skyrocket, and therefore, lead to disastrous outcomes. However, there is no evidence on the commonly held belief. The empirical evidence that exists does not support the notion of souring drug consumption. For instance, in the Netherland and Switzerland, where marijuana is legalized, the consumption

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1649 Words

â€Å"I was thinking about how everybody can’t be everything to each other, but some people can be something to each other†(Winik). In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the main character, Huck, creates many relationships during his adventure on the river, and these relationships impacts what kind of person Huck becomes. Mark Twain in his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn expresses how every single relationship, whether it lasts one week, several years, or a lifetime, shapes how a person lives his/her life. The Widow in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn fills the role as Huck’s mother figure. The relationship that Huck has with the Widow can be seen as strained because of how the widow tries to instill proper morals and civilize Huck.†¦show more content†¦The Widow and Huck’s relationship progresses so much, from the beginning with Huck running away to him deciding to behave and act civilized. The relationship the Widow has made with Huck has impacted Huck to the point of him truly putting an effort towards being civilized. Without this relationship Huck would still be that wild uncivilized boy he had been before living with the widow. A negative relationship that Huck has is with his father who is referred to as â€Å"Pap†. Pap is an abusive, alcoholic racist who beats Huck and tries to take his money. Pap has only a negative impact on Huck by instilling terrible morals in Huck. The reader can tell how Huck feels about his father when he thinks, â€Å"Pap he hadn t been seen for more than a year, and that was comfortable for me; I didn t want to see him no more. He used to always whale me when he was sober and could get his hands on me; though I used to take to the woods most of the time when he was around†(Twain 11). It is obvious that Huck does not like the relationship he has with his father by him saying that he was â€Å"comfortable† with Pap being away for over a year. Even though Pap abuses Huck and is a drunk, Huck still likes the free and uncivilized aspect

A Violent Act-Taking Place at Work Free Essays

As difficult as it may be to imagine a violent act-taking place at work, in these times it is an eventuality that cannot be ignored. Too frequently, these days, the evening news leads off with a report about a disgruntled employee committing some horrifying act of violence in the workplace. Something like that could never happen here, is what most assumes. We will write a custom essay sample on A Violent Act-Taking Place at Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, the statistics show that violence can and does happen in the workplace. In fact, the chances of violence occurring in the workplace are shockingly high and increasing. An important question that should be asked is, what causes violence in the workplace? The answer to this question is very complex. There are numerous contributing factors that can push an employee to the point that may seem unbearable. To an employee, being perceived unfair is one of the significant factors. Many times the organization is looked upon as not treating their employees properly. Other contributing factors are, but not limited to, an unstable economy, downsizing, layoffs–each causes fear, depression, and paranoia, evaluations, lack of promotion or advancement, authoritarian management, relationships brought to the workplace, and stress (Liabig 33). Stress is one of the more common causes of violence at any place of employment. The body†s response to any demand on it for adaptation is called stress. A stressor may be acute or chronic. Stress can also be both good and bad. Examples of good stress are reasonable deadlines and competition. This type of stress if needed to function, without stress people become stagnates. The level of anxiety caused by a good stressor is usually in the low moderate range. Levels of high anxiety are okay for short periods of time. If levels of high anxiety last for an extreme period then the stressor is bad, and the person functioning becomes impaired and overwhelmed (NIOSH 1). The failure to adapt to stress can cause clinical depression. Clinical depression is a depression that is organic in nature whose origin is usually a chemical imbalance or caused by outside factors. It is obvious that these circumstances may result in subsequent aggression. In turn, such feelings may produce intense emotions of anger and resentment, which may lead to the feeling of needing to harm the people that is responsible in some manner. Other contributing factors that may trigger workplace aggression and violence frequently are related to three types of workplace changes. 1) The increased use of part-time and temporary workers. This causes aggressions for two reasons. First, the increased use of contingent workers makes existing employees feel threatened. Secondly, a revolving door of temps can make employees uncomfortable. 2) Management turnover and change. When bosses start changing, the workplace aggression level increases. This is because employees may not like the new boss style, they may feel uncertain about their own job security or they may view the new managers as an opportunity to act out. 3) Major schedule changes. Employees who suddenly find themselves working a new shift after getting comfortable with a certain set of hours can become uneasy. Detecting the characteristics of an employee that may display some of the above attributes should certainly be continuously in effect (Caudron 51). It is important that data that is collected be as specific as possible and focus on job performance or any unusual behavior on the job. Recurring patterns should be noted. Everyone has an off day once in a while so observation or documentation should go on over a period of time. Collection of data helps the supervisor make a fair and impartial assessment of job performance. It also guards against remembering only the peaks of performance, the good days and not the bad days. There are several characteristics that should alert an employer of possible signs of workplace aggression. Individuals who commit violence tend to fit a pattern. Often, they are loners, and the main focus of their lives is their job. Absenteeism, which consist of frequent absences or days off with vague or unlikely excuses. Also included would be excessive use of sick leave, tardiness and early departures are some things to look for. There is also the factor of on-the-job absenteeism. This may entail an employee being regularly absent from post, long lunches and always preoccupied. Then there is the issue of personal appearance, attitude and behavior. An employer should take notice when the personal appearance becomes untidy and when distinct mood swings occur during the day for no apparent reason. If the smell of alcohol and or excessive use of breath deodorizers are used and repeated unusual accidents on or off the job occur, yes the employer should take notice. Another issue that may create workplace aggression would be interpersonal relations. If there are complaints from co-workers and from clients on a regular basis, and if the employee has a tendency to avoid associates. Direct threats of violence, verbal abuse or intimidation toward employees. An intense anger that does not defuse over time or a fascination with the killing power of weapons that go far beyond a hobbyist gun collection. These behaviors are observable warning signs of violent behaviors. Having the ability to recognize is one thing but what counts the most is being able to prevent workplace violence. If it is not understood what triggers violence then it is difficult to prevent it. Although many acts of workplace violence appear completely random, there are actually many things companies can do to prevent violent outbreaks from occurring. The initial step would include the screening of potential employees thoroughly. If the resources are not there, an outside service should be hired to conduct criminal background checks for a nominal cost. The implementation of a zero-tolerance policy with harsh repercussions for violent or threatening behavior at the workplace should be established. All threats of violence should be reported to the police immediately. Certain circumstances may even warrant the temporary use of a security firm. It is significant for an employer to create a workplace culture that encourages mutual respect and open communication. It would be essential to conduct training for employees and supervisors that covers conflict resolution, how to report and handle complaints of unfair treatment and how to recognize signs of a potentially violent employee. The use of the Employee Assistance Program, which is a plan that provide employees with assistance for various problems, as a means to prevent workplace violence due to stress. All employees should be trained in methods to handle stress. When firing or disciplining a potentially violent employee, the employer should be sensitive. To sound as if the employee is being accused, is not a good approach. An example is to simply state that other employees have begun to feel fearful and that according to the company policy, it is required to take action. This approach will avoid blame. Also when firing or disciplining a potentially violent employee, the manager should make sure that they find something good to say about the employee (Liabig 33). By building up the persons dignity, it decreases the likelihood that the employee will see the manager as part of the larger corporate conspiracy that is out to get him or her. Last but not least, it is very relevant for the employer to provide job counseling for terminated employees. Termination is a traumatic change and counseling can help these individuals cope. It is a fact that an individual can exhibit one or more warning signs and never resort to violence. It is important to remember that people have different levels of sensitivity. What is a violence-triggering event to one person may not be to another. Each case must be examined on an individual basis and, to the extent possible, viewed from that person’s perspective. How to cite A Violent Act-Taking Place at Work, Essay examples

Operation Management German company Pentacon

Question: The manufacturing/service process design is based on a considerable number of different variables and represents, in essence, a number of trade-offs. Depending on the nature of the business, the nature of the product, and the nature of the market place, the chosen process design will obviously be different. A) By taking as an example a product or a service from an industry that you are familiar with, critically discuss the main factors that influence the manufacturing/service process design?B) Discuss how the five operational performance objectives may influence decision-making associated with process design and layouts? Answer: Introduction: This report discusses some theories and concepts of operation management. It is the internal process of the organization that helps to improve the performance of the organization. This report also shows the process of operation management of a German company Pentacon. It is a German company that manufactures camera. It is mainly known for producing the SLR (Single lens reflex) camera, medium format camera and other cameras. Pentacon also manufactures different types of slide projectors. This report shows the manufacturing design or the design of service process design of the particular company. This report shows the operational performance objectives that influence the process of design. A. Factors of influencing the manufacturing process: Concept of operation management: Hence, the concept of operation management is very necessary for understanding the process of manufacturing or service design of a product or service of a company. It is the internal process of the organization that helps to improve the performance of the organization. As defined by Chopra and Meindl (2013) Operation management is the process of managing the logistics, supply chain of the organization in order to measure the current performance of time, cost and quality. On the other hand, Manopiniwes et al. (2013) argued that, operation management refers to the overall management of designing and controlling the process of manufacturing and production of the products and services of a business company. Figure 1: process of Operation management (Source: Casson, 2013, pp-10) As stated by, Taunton (2014) the activities of operation management involve the manufacturing process of a product, production, development and distribution. On the other hand, Casson (2013) argued that, other activities, like purchase managing, quality control, logistics, inventory control, evaluation are also involved in the process of operation management of a company. Operation management therefore should meet all the requirement and strategy of a company or the demand of the customers. The process of Operation management involves thorough process and method within the company. There are some factors those need to be considered while making plan about the process of operation management of a company. The size, location, logistics elements, products, services and customers of the company are the factors those always need to be considered in order to implement the process of operation management. Supply Chain Management is the most important area of operation management. Supply chain management: According to, Elgazzar et al. (2013) supply chain management refers to the process of managing the materials and information within the links between the chains. This chain therefore includes some logistic elements, like manufacturing plants, vendors and distribution centers. For building an effective supply chain management process, full scale co-ordination among these partners is very necessary and important. This process of co-ordination requires effective communication through these partners. Effective relation within these partners often grows with the help of effective data sharing by communication networks. Therefore, effective communication network will help in the process of supply chain management of the particular company. On the other hand, Narasimhan and Narayanan (2013) stated that, the process of supply chain management involves three important levels of activities within a company. Strategic level, operational level and tactical levels are these levels those have involved with the process of supply chain management. An effective supply chain management therefore involves with the smooth traffic of products from the inputs of the suppliers to the whole portion of the company. In order to manage the supply chain effectively configuration of distributed network, strategy of the distribution, inventory management, information management need to be considered by the organization. Configuration of the network involves location and quantity of the suppliers, warehouses of the company, centers of distribution and customers. Distribution strategy involves the various types of strategies, shipment, third party logistics etc. On the other hand, Elgazzar et al. (2012) argued that, process of inventory management involves best possible raw materials, management of finished products etc. Information flow management involves the process of transferring the inventory that is valuable to the company. Transportation and forecasting the information are also involved in the process of information flow management. Value added by the process of operation management: Figure 2: Value added through Operation management (Source: Zhu et al. 2013, pp-406) Different types of processes of transformation are included in the techniques of operation management. Company who manufactures product always uses the physical process of transformation. Retail operation always exchange for transformational process. Healthcare organization always uses the physical process of transformation. Communication and educational sector utilizes informational process. Operation management also helps to add value in the process of the company. Process of operation management therefore helps to analyze the course of all aspects of the business. Flow of the process of a company therefore helps in order to identify the current position of the company within the competitive sector of the market. This also helps to identify the condition of the departments within a company. There are some process by those a company can add value (Saylor.org, 2015). Identification of the development of the process of production that may be converted to the process of cost savings. The process of cost saving should be passed to the end customers of the company. This makes powerful position of the company within the competitive market sector. Reformation of the infrastructure of the company also adds value to the company. Effective infrastructure of a company also helps to gain competitive position for the company within the market. Effective process of operation management also helps to solve the problems of inventory management and supply chain. This can be able to add value to the business operation of the company. Improvements in the administration of the company can also add extra value to the company. Effective process of operation management can help in identifying key issues of the organization and improves those issues as well. According to, Yamamoto (2013) effective and good management of operation therefore benefit the shareholders and customers of the organization. Value added service fulfils the demand of both the customers and shareholders of the particular company. Cost saving as well as effective process will benefit different types of stakeholders of the organization. On the other hand, Chopra and Meindl (2013) stated that, effective and continuous process of operation management also can satisfy the customers by fulfilling the needs and demands of them. Successful process of operation management can help to deliver the products within the stipulated time that can also satisfy the customers and other stakeholders of the company. There are some factors also those can affect upon the manufacturing process of the organization. Different industries of the market have different process of operation management. Manufacturing process of an organization is an important aspect for the organization. This can be involved in the overall strategy of operation management (Open.edu, 2015). Overview of manufacturing process of Pentacon: As stated by, Narasimhan and Narayanan (2013) the manufacturing process and service process can be based upon some variables. Manufacturing design therefore involves some performance objectives those have the influence upon the decision making process of the organization. According to, Hofmann and Knbel (2013) service design or manufacturing process is related with the implementation process. The process of manufacturing and designing the service is very much different within every company. This process is an engineering process that refers to the art of designing a product or service of a company. Service design or manufacture design provides the easy way of manufacturing the product within the company. It is the basic art of engineering that helps to produce products those are easy for manufacturing within the company. Camera is the major products of the electronic and computing industry. Manufacturing of a camera is the creative art as well as engineering art. On the other hand, Xu et al. (2013) argued that, this is different industry the other industry in case of manufacturing design or service design process. The workers in this industry therefore make a small proportion of workforce as because this is the industry where technology plays an important and great part while making the products. Development of a camera and other electronic device therefore depends upon the technological advancement. As the time goes, the innovative technology is been developing. Therefore, the technological innovation and up gradation has grabbed many part of this industry. So, this camera industry requires many engineers and technicians who can take the advancement of the technology and produces effective products. Rapid growth of innovation and technology therefore requires a high quality of engineers and technicians and other workers of technical part. Some research analyst has also been utilized by this company in order to extensive research and developm ent process for the development of products (Aurich, 2015). On the other hand, Zhu et al. (2013) argued that, this industry requires some efficient as well as knowledgeable marketing and sales employees for different types of segments of this company. This company promotes and sells their manufactured products by efficient sales and marketing personality. Camera and likewise products often contains various types of intermediate components those are mainly purchased by other manufacturers. Therefore, this process of Pentacon often adds extra facilities for the company. It benefits both the buyer and manufacturer companies. Pentacon provides joint development and research process of these two companies. Pentacon therefore is involved within the process of manufacturing products of different cameras. It also involves in the process of research and development of the particular company. Apart from these, some factors often influence upon the manufacturing process of the company. Some factors, like equipments, suppliers, necessary special parts, employees etc. Suppliers are the most necessary element for the process of manufacturing some products or services. Suppliers often create delay for the manufacturing process. The problems of source and other supply related problems are there in the process of manufacturing the products and services of the company. Therefore, Taunton (2014) stated that, the company should manage the smooth and efficient supply operation within the manufacturing process of the company. Especially for this type of technical industry, arrangement of necessary equipment is very much important for the company in order to involve in a smooth manufacturing design and process. On the other hand, Yamamoto (2013) stated that, effective operation management of a company therefore should provide quality service or products to the company. On the other hand, employees as well as workers are the most valuable asset in order to maintain an effective manufacturing design or process. Techniques of labor efficiency and cost efficiency can be able to affect the process of manufacturing within a positive way. On the other hand, Narasimhan and Narayanan (2013) stated that, flexibility in work can be the main strategy of improving the process of manufacturing. Flexibility can be the effective strategy for manufacturing different types of products within the same sector and same time. Apart from this, it can be suggested by, Casson (2013) that, this sector of electronic device has many segments. Every segments produce different products. Mainly, Camera Company takes some products from some other manufacturing industry. Some chips of the camera are often grabbed from other company of manufacturing. Concept of process design and process layout: According to, Hofmann and Knbel (2013) process design involves the process of determining the process of producing a product of tan organization. The objective behind process design is to meet the demands and requirements of customers. Process design is very critical as well as important activity that in this stage, 70 to 80 percent cost has estimated for the manufacture and development of the product. Process of product designing therefore requires clear understanding about the performance and functions of the particular product. Product design has the effect upon the flexibility of the product as well as quality and cost of the products. New or old product needs the process of designing. More or less, new products and old products need modification of process design. On the other hand, Manopiniwes et al. (2013) stated that, process layout refers to the design of the floor of the firm of manufacturing products. Process layout plays an important role in order to improve the efficiency of the firm by arranging important equipment as per the function of the product. Therefore, the production line should be designed for removing the waste of material flows as well as inventory flows and management. Therefore, Zhu et al. (2013) stated that, decision about designing the process and layout is taken by the operation managers of the particular organization. Process design and layout are two most important task of operation management. There are various types of process strategies, like process focus, repetitive focus, mass customization and product focus. These entire tasks are done for the effective making of products. Group decision about this topic can be effective for selecting the effective and useful layout. Decision making process about the selection of layout design is the important factor before the achievement of the predetermined goals or objectives of the organization. Therefore, group decision about the design process and layout can be the effective formula to solve major problems and issues of the process. On the other hand, Narasimhan and Narayanan (2013) argued about five performance objectives those have an impact upon the operation management process and indirectly upon the stakeholders of the organization. There are basic five performance objectives for managing the operation among the organization. B. Operational performance objectives: Figure 3: Performance objectives of operation management (Source: Hofmann and Knbel, 2013, pp-20) As stated by, Elgazzar et al. (2012) five performance objectives are as follows: Quality performance objectives: Quality is the most important objective of performance. Quality refers to the most effective specification of the particular product. Quality refers to the intended performance of the product. Quality refers to the stability of the product. Quality also refers to the degree of the needs of the customers for the particular product. If the customers are satisfied with the products the worth of the cost will be effective for the customers. Speed performance objectives: Speed refers to the responses of the organization in order to deliver the products to the customers. It is the time gap between the requests of external and internal customers for a particular product or service. Speed is the rate of generating sales and delivery of the products of a company. Speed also refers to the time of the process of research and development of the organization. Speed is very important aspect as because it helps in order to respond to the needs and requirements of the customers about products and services. Speed also helps to reduce the cost. It helps to reduce the risks and inventories. Dependability performance objectives: Dependability increases when the desired product or service comes to the customers. Dependability refers to the term being on time. This can be difficult for measuring the dependability. Timely delivery of product as well as service is the important factor for measuring this term dependability. If a company produces and serves products within the stipulated time to the customers as per the cost of customers, then the customers become dependable to the products of the company. Flexibility performance objectives: Flexibility can be called as a complex situation. Flexibility refers to the change of the operation. Company can arrange various lines of product those can deal with various types of requirements of products. New requirements of the products should be matched with the company. Flexibility refers to the variety of different products. Flexibility performance objectives therefore require more production of wide variety of products within different levels of the company. New design modifications therefore are needed in order to produce more flexibility among the operation of a company (Managementhelp.org, 2015). Costs performance objectives: This refers to the difference of unit cost for the change of volume and the huge variety of products. Cost of every product varies upon the running cost and profit of the product. Decision making process of process design and layout depends upon the performance objectives of operational management. Quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, cost are those elements those have influenced over the decision making process of the organization. Decision making process of the operation management depends upon the quality performance objective. Specification of the product is the characteristics of quality of a product. Quality is the most important element that attracts the customers. Therefore, in order to take decision about the layout and design process of the product quality should be considered as the most important factor of the product. On the other hand, Manopiniwes et al. (2013) stated that, speed and dependability are other important factors those have influenced over the decision making process of the organization in accordance with the process of operation management. Operation mangers should look after upon the fact of dependability of the customers for gaining competitive advantage among the competitive market sector. Operation managers should consider the fact of delivering the product within the stipulated time. They also should consider about the fact of flexibility of product. A company should know the process of making different products within a stipulated time frame. Flexibility refers to the variety of different products. Flexibility performance objectives therefore require more production of wide variety of products within different levels of the company. Therefore, operation manager should take decision about different products in accordance with the predetermined objectives and goals of the organiz ation. They should take the decision in order to build effective innovative product design that is more flexible for the customers as well as other stakeholders of the company. Conclusion: This report has dealt with different aspects of operation management within an organization. There are several elements those have influence over the process of operation management within an organization. Supply chain management, value added service are the most important factors of operation management. This report has also discussed manufacturing process of a manufacturing company, Pentacon of Germany. Pentacon manufactures several types of camera. This industry includes in the electronic industry. This report has discussed some process of manufacturing products with the help of operation management. Reference list Books Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. (2013). Supply chain management. Boston: Pearson. Taunton, L. (2014). Operation management. Delhi: Globus Press. Yamamoto, S. (2013). Human interface and the management of information. Berlin: Springer. Journals Casson, M. (2013). Economic Analysis of International Supply Chains: An Internalization Perspective. J Supply Chain Manag, 49(2), pp.8-13 Elgazzar, S., Tipi, N., Hubbard, N. and Leach, D. (2012). Linking supply chain processes performance to a companys financial strategic objectives. European Journal of Operational Research, 223(1), pp.276-289 Manopiniwes, W., Suphameteeskul, N. and Janchai, W. (2013). AHP Approach for Material Management Operation in a Cutting Edge Electronics Design Manufacturing Company. AMR, 748, pp.1198-1202 Narasimhan, R. and Narayanan, S. (2013). Perspectives on Supply Network-Enabled Innovations. J Supply Chain Manag, 49(4), pp.27-42 Hofmann, E. and Knbel, S. (2013). Alignment of manufacturing strategies to customer requirements using analytical hierarchy process. Production Manufacturing Research, 1(1), pp.19-43 Xu, L., de Vrieze, P., Phalp, K., Jeary, S. and Liang, P. (2013). Interoperative end-user process modelling for process collaborative manufacturing. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 26(11), pp.990-1002 Zhu, Z., Dhokia, V. and Newman, S. (2013). The development of a novel process planning algorithm for an unconstrained hybrid manufacturing process. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 15(4), pp.404-413 Websites Aurich, T. (2015). PENTACON GmbH + Foto- und Feinwerktechnik: Home. [online] Pentacon-dresden.de. Available at: https://www.pentacon-dresden.de [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Managementhelp.org, (2015). Free Management Library (SM). [online] Available at: https://managementhelp.org [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Open.edu, (2015). Distance Learning Courses and Adult Education - The Open University. [online] Available at: https://www.open.edu [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Saylor.org, (2015). Saylor Academy. [online] Available at: https://www.saylor.org [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015].

Anglo Saxons essays

Anglo Saxons essays According to the Venerable Bede, the first significant body of Germanic settlers in England had been hired as mercenaries by the British Prince Vortigern during fifth-century struggles for power among British Celts that broke out when Roman colonial troops were withdrawn. After a falling-out with their employer, these Germanic warriors seized British territory in the south of England for themselves and brought their families over the English Channel to settle it. Archaeological evidence also reveals a gradual infiltration of Germanic peoples into England along the rivers of east central England, then a low-lying bayou country that would have been impossible to police. Bede tells us that the Germanic settlers came from Anglian and Saxon regions of continental Europe, within the modern territories of Holland, Southern Denmark, and Western Germany. The settlers brought with them, in their heads, an extensive body of lore encoded in alliterative verse, including versified laws as well as historical and legendary narratives. Some of the settlers could use a runic alphabet to carve brief messages, mostly on wooden sticks, but writing was not used for Old English historical or literary material until the conversion to Christianity, when manuscript technology entered from Rome and Ireland. Old English literature includes a number of works based on native Germanic legend, including the remarkable Beowulf, a complete epic peopled by half-Christian Germanic warriors. The interweaving of Christian elements with native Germanic materials in this work is so thoughtful and intricate that the two cultural strands are very difficult to unravel. Other epic poems in native style use imported Christian narratives. Two of the best, by a poet named Cynewulf, have heroic female protagonists. As in Celtic saga, representation of gender roles in Old English narrative may seem quite strange to a modern reader. In Beowulf, for example, Queen Wealhth...

Nursing Term Paper Writing Tips for Students

Nursing Term Paper Writing Tips for Students Writing a Nursing Term Paper Some students wonder if writing a term paper on nursing has anything to do with their actual profession. The thing is that writing is theory and nursing is all about practical capabilities and knowledge. No matter how much you dislike the idea of writing a term paper, you will need to face this challenge anyway; otherwise, there will be no graduation and no decent job. So, everyone needs to confront their fear of crafting a term paper in order to please the academic world and meet the requirements for graduation. Good news is that theres nothing horrible about working on a term paper if you know all the guidelines and tricks involved in it. Youll be surprised to know that some people, who were afraid of working on a term paper, eventually find it a rewarding and fun thing to do. The key to writing an excellent paper on nursing is the preparation that you perform before you even start working on the draft. If you do the preparation stage in a proper way, then writing a paper wont be that difficult. Focusing on the examples, lets go straight to the top 4 writing tips for working a nurse term paper: Select a topic you care about. The easiest recipe to write a mediocre or bad paper is to write about something you dont care about. Therefore, you should take your time to think thoroughly about the area that you want to research. The right approach to writing a term paper is to turn it from the task that someone wants you to do into the task that you want to do yourself and this is possible only when the topic resonates with you. In this case you will have all the chances to write a stellar work. How to pick the right topic? Think about why youve chosen this field in the first place, what bothers you the most, and what problem you sincerely want to solve. Perform an in-depth research. As I have already mentioned in the introduction, the in-depth research is necessary. Once you have chosen the topic youre passionate about, you should decide on how youre going to approach the research. Will you need to observe certain practices, do interview, or spend all time in the library? Whatever methodology will you choose, make sure that youre making enough notes because this will be the information that youre going to use in your paper. Have a robust thesis. The next important thing after deciding on the topic and making a thorough research is writing a strong thesis. It should also be concise and clear. Taking these points into consideration, make sure whether you can gather enough evidence to support the claim that youre making. You can prepare different versions of your thesis and select the best one. Have more than one draft. It would be better if you prepare several rough drafts. Eventually, it will increase the quality of your term paper. Term paper writing isnt a disaster anymore if you follow these four easy tips!

The Feminist Movement in Britain Research Paper

The Feminist Movement in Britain - Research Paper Example This paper tells that because feminism is a liberal movement that directly challenges existing institutional arrangements, those who feel threatened by it often respond by representing it in negative and often hostile ways. Such representations pervade the media and even the academy. Feminists have been cast as destroyers of families and other cherished institutions. They have been blamed for problems such as the delinquency of adolescents, the inability of qualified males to find jobs, and the erosion of standards in the professions, the schools, and the academy. If women would only embrace traditional roles, the argument seems to go, there would be far fewer societal problems.  Before the feminist movement appeared, women were suppressed and limited their social and political life. In the late Middle Age, at a particular social level, women shared models of thought and behavior which set them apart as a group from men of the same social class. Whereas elite women have left a rich variety of writings, little has remained of the mental or material culture of ordinary women (Anderson 1987). The difficulties are increased by the fact that social distinction played less part in female culture than in early modern culture generally. Central to the female world was the woman with knowledge, the midwife who was herself a mother (Anderson 1987). The majority of women, from the poorest to the most aristocratic, shared direct experience of maternity. Even a woman of high social status who had not borne a child could find herself on the periphery of a key aspect of female culture (Smith, 2000).  Given that women ideally belonged to the household, and men claimed public space as their own, both elite and popular cultures recognized that women as women had concerns of their own. If the household was the proper place for women, then the household could sometimes become a female space (Anderson 1987). Furthermore, critics show how society encouraged women to spend time w ith each other. Although, since women were perceived as sexually unstable, men regarded them as being at risk in the mixed company, men were also suspicious of women in all-female company, fearing their opportunities for gossip. Social distinction, age, and geographical location all played a part in shaping women's bonds. Nevertheless, across these divisions, there were aspects of a common culture which women shared. Their cultures and values connected them to fundamental concerns: giving birth, childrearing, and sustaining life. From women's own perspective, they preserved a culture with important life-enhancing values (Anderson 1987). In comparison, men appeared to be preoccupied with politics, authority, and their masculine vanity and virility. Within their own culture, women shaped and enhanced the lives of both sexes, across all ages. Women shared female consciousness (Smith, 2000).  During the Middle Ages, religion and spirituality played a dominant role in the life of women determining their morals and values. Religious and neighborly or charitable occasions also offered women opportunities to construct feminine spheres of social dominance. Visits to the sick and dying were women's special concern because of their nursing expertise. As records of testamentary disputes confirm, the deathbed was a 'feminized' locale. The church was another setting where women demarcated their own spatial and sociable terrain. Women's quarrels about 'place' were generally confined to their own sector of the church; only rarely did, they publicly question their segregation from men (Anderson 1987). Yet while worshipping in the established church, they did not passively accept the places appointed for them by the clergy and churchwardens.  

Is try and relate the problem of Internet privacy with the problem of Essay

Is try and relate the problem of Internet privacy with the problem of intellectual property - Essay Example Due to this violation of laws and rules governing intellectual property can easily be violated seeing that there are no measures to log information on the people flouting the laws. This is as seen in free file sharing websites where one may download and even upload copyrighted works from and to the internet respectively. Therefore, such websites do not appear to have any form of the privacy policy this are usually open to abuse by users and the general public, where intellectual property is plagiarized and used for personal and commercial gain at the expense of the original owner. This is due to lack of logging of user details or information in order to keep track of such users who violate intellectual property regulations blatantly, and with sheer disregard of ethical issues. Information from privacy policies is meant to ensure that the user of the internet has an idea of what he or she is doing and what information of a personal nature can or will be logged. For this reason piratin g or plagiarizing information from the internet is an easy as a website can easily be sued for violating a privacy policy that an internet user has agreed to; meaning that intellectual property is stolen under the guise of privacy policies over the internet. In addition, the privacy policies found on the internet only dictate the terms of usage of the website that one visits or the expected behaviour of the said websites. This means that the privacy policy has little to do with the intellectual property therein the said sites, or even its terms of usage. Instead, the terms of usage concerning intellectual properties are found in the copyright statement, which talks of how to legally intellectual property (Kinsella, 2011). Privacy policies are created to safeguard internet users from having their details collected and used for personal or commercial purposes by unscrupulous people. With this in mind, copyright laws are meant to take care of the needs of intellectual property where th ey define how certain aspects of intellectual property can or may be used. These two policies work together for the good of all parties involved in the usage of objects in question. However, with the rapid development in technology and new ways of violating policies governing intellectual property all thanks to discovery of new loopholes not covered in the conventional regulations (Castillo, 2011). This means that the two are facing similar challenges in application of updates to help prevent violations of privacy and copyright issues. This is as seen with the upcoming ways of stealing intellectual works over the internet, which was not originally covered in older books as compared to those that exist currently. On the internet privacy policy part there are similar changes in which new ways of collecting user information is discovered almost every day leading to new challenges in regulating the use of user information. The only positive side to the collection of information is on th en customization of content over the internet. All this is while intellectual property has no upside to infringement except possibly for its exposure to larger numbers of people if the content was used on a legal basis. This translates directly to that internet privacy policy and problems related to intellectual property face similar problems when it comes to the application of technology. There

Crisis Communicaitons Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crisis Communicaitons Plan - Essay Example It outlines major methods for reacting to these situations in a quick and effective manner. It is the principal goal of this Crisis Communication Plan to set up guidelines for handling the recent controversial situation and to ensure that school staff are well familiar with these procedures as well as their roles in this situation. The Crisis Communication Plan is designated to be utilized along with the common decision-making hierarchy of the school and in no way supplants this decision-making process. While addressing the media and the general public, the school will deliver factual data and messages that will be most beneficial to the school and to the school district. We aim at helping the mass media through provision of information which will enable them to air unbiased and true information about the school, which will not discredit the its position as a reliable educational establishment and educational leader. In all procedures of communication, the school will set up a positive opportunity for the general public that will position the educational sector as a whole (Crisis Communication Plan: Nonprofit Toolkit). Messages about the drug abuse problem and alleged involvement of our school teachers in drugs delivery will be solution oriented, responsive and directed at effective action. They will reinforce the school’s leadership position. The following School Communications Plan will serve as a guide to crisis communication for our school. Its overall purpose is to facilitate management of communications in the context of crisis. It includes necessary organizational considerations. The next section will inform about the objectives of the plan. 4. Successfully manage the data distribution, in particular dissemination of crucial and sensitive information to the sources of the mass media, which will make the current data available for the members of the public, staff

Pakistan is one of the top cotton producing countries of the world

Pakistan is one of the top cotton producing countries of the world Executive Summary Pakistan is one of the most top cotton producing country of the world. Pakistan has the tendency to produce the best quality cotton in the world, because of that Pakistan exports its cotton to different buyers across the globe. Garment and textile industry of Pakistan needs a lot of investment to flourish its production plants to give more and more to the country and others in the globe as well. Currently country being in inflation affected the entire industry. As prices of all products have gone high, companies are forced to produce less. The political situations in our country have made the industrial sector bare losses. The policies and laws are hindering the activities of the industry. Because of that the other competing countries are getting an edge over Pakistan. More research needs to be done in this sector to avail all the possible technologies to make our textile and garment industry better. Other than that our needs to start producing end wearable garments and then export them to increase the exports and increase awareness of the local brands. Currently popular textile is working on producing jean for renowned brands of the world. Government needs to make efforts to establish the garment industry in Pakistan. Table of Content Contents Contents 2 Introduction: 4 Industry Scenario: 7 Industry Facts and Figures 7 Problems in industry 7 Technology being implied 8 Business Model Analysis 8 SWOT Analysis: 12 Strength: 12 Weakness: 13 Opportunity: 16 Threats: 18 SWOT Analysis (Summary) 19 Strengths: 19 Weaknesses: 19 Opportunities: 19 Threats: 19 PEST Analysis: 20 20 Political Outfit: 20 20 Economical Analysis and Performance: 20 Social Liabilities and Duties: 21 Technological Requirements and up gradation: 22 PORTER Five Forces Model: 23 1.Bargaining power of customers (demand scenario): 24 24 Factors 24 2.Bargaining power of suppliers (supply scenario): 24 24 3. Threat of new entrants: 26 26 4. Threat of substitutes: 27 5. Competitive rivalry: 28 Contribution to Exports: 30 Conclusion: 31 References: 32 Garment Industry of Pakistan Introduction: Textile and Garments is considered the most important sector of Pakistans economy and the largest industry with a 46% share of total manufacturing. Accounting for 67% of exports, employment for 40% of the workforce and a 10.20% share in GDP confirms the importance of this sector. Pakistans large available human resource pool offers an important incentive for further growth of this labor intensive industry. Contribution of Textile Garment Sector Percentage Contribution Total Manufacturing 46% Total Exports 67% Employment for Workforce 40% Total Share in GDP 10.20% Although Pakistan is the fourth largest cotton producer in the world with strong spinning and weaving infrastructure, the value added sector (cotton products) has a small share in exports. The main reason is shortage of training facilities able to enhance skills and produce competent middle managers having in-depth knowledge of processes and hands-on experience in contemporary technologies. Garment manufacturing is a major growing sub-sector of the textile value chain. It consumes the majority of the workforce in Pakistans textile and garments industry and has been contributing towards the high growth-rate in exports as figures shows it is 67% contributing in export of Pakistan. However, the garment industry is now suffering from some acute problems in productivity, in quality, in management marketing skills and thus facing a serious threat of a reduced share of international markets. According to the World Banks report on the impact of Quota Elimination in Pakistan, the effect on apparel exports from Pakistan will be negative due to stronger competition from other countries. The implication would be serious if no action is taken to improve productivity and efficiency. In the garments sector, Pakistans productivity is estimated to be only 37% of the benchmark established by China. Compared to this, Indias garments sector productivity is better, at 46%. For Pakistan, raising productivity by improving production process efficiency is key to reap benefits after the Multi-Fibre Agreement was abolished. If Pakistan is able to increase its productivity in textiles and clothing by 60% and reach Chinas productivity level, the gain would likely be over US$ 1 billion per year. Keeping in view the emerging trend in the global market, there is a huge potential for Pakistans garment sector. However, to be competitive in the global market after the removal of the quota regime in January 2005, it is imperative to have efficient and cost effective production systems with minimum wastages to attract buyers. The TUSDEC need assessment which included discussions/interviews with the key garment exporters clearly revealed the need for urgent reforms in the textile industry and especially in garment manufacturing and exporting as this is the most value added sector. This need had never before been felt as intensely as now, in the major garments clusters located in Lahore, Karachi, Sialkot, Faisalabad and Multan. In unison they expressed that the existing infrastructure of textile garments institutes in the country is not able to fulfill the requirement for skilled human resources to meet the immediate demand. The need assessment showed that an intervention for fast-track capacity building of the garment industry to meet the challenges posed by the ever-changing demand of international markets was justified. To cope with this dire need, it was proposed to hire foreign experts on long term basis to upgrade the knowledge and skills of the workers employed in the garment industry. Industry Scenario: As quoted by Chairman of All Pakistan Textile Mill Association, Textiles are the most important industry in Pakistan. It accounts for approximately 40 percent of manufacturing employment, over 60 percent of total exports, and over 30 percent of value-added production. Pakistans textile industry, based on locally grown cotton, produces cotton yarn, cotton cloth, and made-up textiles and apparel. Industry Facts and Figures As data cited at web published edition of aptma, Pakistan had a total of 503 spinning mills with an installed capacity of 10,437,000 spindles and 155,104 rotors. The weaving industry has 53 integrated units (composite units with spinning and weaving in one unit) with an installed capacity of 14,130 looms; 512 shuttle less weaving units with an installed capacity of 13,340 1ooms; and approximately 30,000 units in the power loom (shuttle loom) sector, with an estimated 225,253 looms. In PFY-97 it additionally had 670 finishing units with a production capacity of 3,460 million sq. meters of fabric per annum, 700 knitwear units with 15,000 knitting machines, and 4,000 garment units with 160,000 industrial and 450,000 domestic sewing machines. Exports of all textiles in PFY-97 totaled a value of USD 5.4 billion. The major buyer of textile clothing and accessories was the United States, which purchased USD 309.2 million of goods. (Michelle, Pakistan Profile, January/February 2007) Problems in industry Pakistans excessive economic reliance on the textile industry now necessitates the upgrade of its low value-added textile products to higher value-added products and the development of additional export markets. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) has reportedly constituted a textile commission to examine the problems of the textile industry and guide its future planning in the effort to turn this vital sector of the country economy into a healthy and internationally competitive industry. The upgrade to value-added production will require more sophisticated machinery. Trade sources believe that given favorable rupee/dollar parity, the textile industry may be expected to grow by as much as 10 to 15 percent annually over the next 2-3 years. Technology being implied In PFY-98 Pakistan offered an import market of USD 213 million for the sale of textile machinery, equipment and parts. Statistics for domestic production are not available, but trade sources report that manufacture, which is geared to demand, is at the present time negligible. The market has declined drastically over the last six years. In PFY-93, Pakistan imported USD 789.2 million worth of textile machinery. Imports fell in subsequent years to USD 352.7 million in PFY-94, USD 294.9 in PFY-95, USD 187.0 million in PFY-96 and USD 129 million in PFY 97. Given improved financial conditions, the import market share is expected to increase by 10 percent annually over the next three years. (Citied at website of aptma.) Business Model Analysis The textile industry is today based almost entirely in the private sector as the inefficiency of the public sector units has forced the GOP to privatize them. The three remaining textile units in the public sector are integrated units and are to be offered for privatization in the very near future. Pakistans textile spinning industry is presently in a crisis. As a result of poor cotton crops, the withdrawal of cotton subsidy and the export of raw cotton, the industry, whose feasibility has been based on the use of low-priced cotton, is no longer viable. Pakistans weaving sector has an installed capacity of 14,130 looms in integrated weaving mills; 13,340 looms in shuttless weaving units; and approximately 200,500 to 225,250 looms in the power loom sector. The looms installed in the integrated units are old and less than approximately 40 percent are working. The independent weaving units are a relatively new phenomenon in the Pakistan market, and have been created as a result of market demand, government incentives and the move towards higher quality products. Pakistans finishing industry is comprised of approximately 670 units, the majority of which are independent units and complimentary to the weaving industry. Their installed capacity is old and needs replacement. The integrated units are reported to have a capacity utilization of only 35 percent of installed capacity as most of their machinery is also old and uses outdated technology. (Citied at Directors Review of aptma.) Competing Countries Export Share of Market- Trend Analysis Country 1980 1990 2000 2005 Variance 2000 2005 China 4.0 8.9 18.2 26.9 8.7 Turkey 0.3 3.1 3.3 4.3 1.0 India 1.7 2.3 3.1 3.0 (0.1) Mexico 0.0 0.5 4.4 2.6 (1.8) Bangladesh 0.0 0.6 2.0 2.3 0.3 Vietnam 0.9 1.7 0.8 Pakistan 0.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.2 Sri Lanka 0.3 0.6 1.4 1.0 (0.4) Thailand 0.7 2.6 1.9 1.5 (0.4) Source: United States Department of Agriculture Global Market Shares Top 15 Retailers worldwide: S. No Retailer Origin Market Share USD Millions 1 Wal-Mart Stores Inc. USA $219,000 2 Carrefour Group FRANCE $61,565 3 Royal A hold HOLLAND $57,976 4 The Home Depot, Inc USA $53,553 5 The Kroger Co. USA $50,098 6 Metro AG GERMANY $43,357 7 Target USA $43,355 8 Albertsons USA $37,931 9 Kmart USA $36,151 10 Sears USA $35,843 11 Safeway UK $34,301 12 Costco USA $34,137 13 Tesco UK $33,614 14 JCPenny USA $32,004 15 Aldi Einkauf GERMANY $31,310 (Source: Stores/Deloitte Touch Tomahatsu) SWOT Analysis: Strength: Raw material Base: Pakistan has high self sufficiency in raw material and is the fourth largest producer of cotton. Abundant use of cotton resources has made the Textile industry of Pakistan move towards the area of industrialization. Labor: Cheap labor has always been the backbone of the economy of Pakistan. Cheap and ample supply of labor strengthens the industrial and agriculture sector of the country. Around 39% of the labor force works in the textile sector. As Karl Marx said that we have to use the army of labor present in the country for productive means. Thus cheap and abundant labor means low cost of production. Rich Heritage: Due to cultural diversity and rich heritage, designers come up with new different and attractive designs which are appreciated worldwide. Our culture comprises of Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi and Pushtoo values. Also we are also influenced by the Indian culture through the media exposure, which of course gives the Pakistani designers an inspiration and taste of Karnataka, Rajhastani styles, etc. This varied culture and fusion among these two neighbours gives inspiration to the designers to give their best in terms of styles, creativity and fashion. Domestic Market: The recent shift of the population from the agrarian society to the urban areas, increased income levels and growth of the population raised the domestic demand. This means more factories more manufacturing units, more supply and more labor. Weakness: Research Development: Developed countries are using the technology of genetic engineering and biotechnology to increase the quality and quantity of their cotton production. They are able to grow colored cotton, organic cotton and several different varieties cotton to added value to the textile chain. In Pakistan, there is very some research done on small scale by private companies to invent modified cotton fibers. Practically no efforts are being made by the APTMA in the RD of the textile industry to enhance the quality of its products, upgrade the technology used, and encourage effective methods of production in order to compete internationally. Instead the industry suffers lack of latest means of production and falling cotton crop output every year. Due to low quality of cotton crop, profitability decreases and the farmer switch to the other crop such as sugar cane, maize and thus the cotton production decreases. More Dependence on Cotton: As the textile sector is heavily dependent on cotton production, low cultivation of cotton will deteriorate the textile industry. On the other hand, Pakistan lacks expertise in the development, production and marketing of synthetic products and fabrics required for items like swimwear, skiwear and industrial apparel. So far Pakistan has been unable to diversify in the export of textiles and is heavily dependent on single fibre that is cotton and its blends. This dependence on single crop economy is restricting the diversification of exports from Pakistan. Labor Productivity: Despite of the abundant supply of the labor, productivity of the labor is very low. According to a study by Federal Adviser on textiles, the regional competitors of Pakistan take75 minutes to complete and produce one piece of cloth whereas we take 133 minutes for the same work. We also waste 30% in finishing and 12% in washing. European buyers recommended that we should cut our costs up to 45%in sewing by getting more efficient. Labor productivity can be improved by giving the labor appropriate training with the advancement of technology so as to make them more efficient and with lower wastage of resources. In China an average 70 hours of training are given to labor to enhance their expertise. Poor Infrastructure: The important resources and infrastructure, such as adequate of supply of water, continuous supply of electricity and gas, efficient logistics and transportation, tax structure, raw material supply are all basic requirements for the development of an industrial base. However, on the other hand, the industry is faced with rising charges of the energy sector, which increases the cost of production, making it difficult to compete with the other regional rivals. Poor Quality Standards: With the exception of big and leading units who comply with global quality standards in textiles, most of the medium and small sized units can not ensure the reliable and consistent quality standards. Some of these textile units import second hand machinery from China, India, Korea, and Taiwan with no checks and balances on the quality of the machinery parts and tools. Preference is only given to the cheap and workable machinery with no concern of the quality of the machine, therefore, resulting in poor quality of the end product. The industry can generate more profit by adding more value to the product, as value can be measured in terms of quality, increased per unit price, etc. Pakistans textile industry should focus on latest material handling techniques and should train workers. The inability to timely modernize the equipment, machinery and labor has led to the decline of Pakistani textile competitiveness. Unstable Political Situation: Political unrest, strikes and terrorism have critically affected the economy of Pakistan. Frequent changing of the government has adversely maligned the policies of the textile sector. According to the World Trade Review Pakistan has failed to take necessary steps needed to meet post Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA) challenges for its textile industry owing to lack of political will by the successive governments. In 1978 World Bank surveyed the Pakistan textile industry and reported many deficiencies in this sector. It also gave certain measures to resolve these issues, but unfortunately all these problems still persist and the industry is still unable to keep its pace with the international market. Successive governments lacked the will to reform human resources and adapt the marketing techniques that resulted present scenario in this industry. System Orientation And Supply Chain: Nowadays, customers are very systematic in their work and the expect the same professionalism from their vendors. Unfortunately, we lack this capability and are not competent to struggle in the international business, thus losing many opportunities. On the other hand supply chain management is rarely implemented. We are disorganized, disconnected and dis torted. Time management is very much important aspect in the business and buyers expect on time delivery to match the retail launch of the Spring/ Summer or Autumn/Winter seasonal collections on time . Delayed delivery of export orders result increase in cost due to fines by the buyers and at times losing business altogether due to the breach the order con-tract. Opportunity: Pakistan Textile City: Pakistan Textile City in Port Qasim, Karachi with an area of 1250 acres, will be completed in 2011 as a private public sector joint venture. The main purpose of the textile city is to provide the textile industry with the world class infra structure to meet the global competitiveness and challenges and as to provide value added textile industrial zone. Its main features include one way window operation, constant supplies of gas and water, and uninterrupted power supply. Marketing: Targeting the unexplored export markets with the help of aggressive sales and marketing will pave the way for the textile growth. Its all about hunting your opportunities with the handful of colorful lollipops. If we make investment in our sales force and train them in the fine art of marketing textile products, we can capture a much bigger market share from other smaller competitors. Collaboration with Foreign Companies: No company in the world can afford to ignore the strategic and competitive benefits of making partnership with another company to strengthen the market position. By making partners with the foreign companies, we will be able to learn a lot from them in terms system orientation, supply chain and it would be feasible to import latest technology. We can also reduce our costs, comply with the inter-national standards, and add value to our products, easiness in marketing our products in different foreign regions, improved labor and thus catching up with our regional competitors. Re-engineering of Production System: Information technology has a crucial role in manufacturing sector. Acquiring state of the art machinery is though very much expensive, but a very fruitful and necessary measure to stay competitive in the long run. It is the level of trust; the exporter builds with its customers by giving them flawless products, made on state of the art machinery. Once this trust is developed, there is no other way than any unforeseen exception that you may lose a customer to another competitor. Therefore, it is highly recommended to produce with great efficiency, minimizing the wastage of the raw material, energy resources and thus reducing the cost of production. Producing high Value Products: Its better to export yarn than raw cotton. Similarly its better to export finished fabric than to export grey fabric (raw fabric). Furthermore its very much feasible to export readymade garments than to only fabrics. What makes the latter better is the value added and subsequent increase in per unit price. Therefore, the textile industry should focus on the finished products so as to create more value in their products and reap larger margin of profits. The industry should also diversify into other areas such as technical textiles and nonwovens in order decrease its dependence on conventional and commodity textiles, which is highly sensitive to per unit price and volume for the profit margin. Image Building of Pakistan to Attract FDI: Security measures should be taken to facilitate the buyers and investors to visit Pakistan for investments. Secure business environment must be needed to attract golden sparrows to facilitate business dealings and building positive image of Pakistan that they can rely upon. Reducing the Cost of Business: China and India are much cheaper in labor, raw material and utilities as compared with Pakistan. Rising inflation also increase the cost of production. We have to control these unnecessary costs if we have to survive in the middle of the two giants of the textile sector in the world. Threats: New competitors: Pakistan is facing new competitors in textile sector such as; Bangladesh Vietnam Turkey Though we cannot avoid competition but we can always stay ahead of them by reforming our strategies and educating our entrepreneurs so as to move one step forward in every aspect. Phasing out of quota System: As the quota system is ruled out by WTO, there is a threat by the Chinese and Indian manufacturers to gain most of the market share. We have high costs, low labor productivity and inefficient production processes. Fashion life Cycle: Fashion changes rapidly now a day. Media has so much penetrated in our daily lives that we easily adapt our-selves as it wants us to. This has resulted in shortening the fashion lifecycle thus increasing the fashion risk. Now the buyer does not want to wait long for his consignment because he is insecure that by the time it will reach to him he will lost its demand due to change in fashion. Therefore, they prefer to buy from neighboring countries even at higher cost to get their products instantly rather than to wait weeks or months for their consignments to reach them. SWOT Analysis (Summary) Strengths: Raw material Base Labor Rich Heritage Domestic Market Weaknesses: Research Development More Dependence on Cotton Labor Productivity Poor Infrastructure Poor Quality Standards Unstable Political Situation System Orientation And Supply Chain Opportunities: Pakistan Textile City Marketing Collaboration with Foreign Companies Re-engineering of Production System Producing high Value Products Image Building of Pakistan to Attract FDI Reducing the Cost of Business Threats: New competitors Phasing out of quota System Fashion life Cycle PEST Analysis: Political Outfit: Textile industry, and all other business in the field are subjected to very high risk due to unstable political outfit, this restricts joint ventures in the industry. We only have only one example of joint Venture in the industry that is Lucky Tex SITE with J. Rosenthals and Sons of England. As the political outfit is extremely unstable and does not guarantee any consistency over the span of time, therefore attracting foreign investment in the sector is very limited, and only confined to term financing, or credits. Economical Analysis and Performance: Till not so long ago, the Pakistan textile industry was one of the key drivers of growth and employment generation. The plight of the textile exports continued during the first four months (July-October) of current financial as they fell by around one percent during the period. The export of textile products came to $3.539 billion in the period under review, which is 2008 against $3.573 billion in the corresponding period of previous year. At a time when growth in export is badly needed to plug the widening trade deficit, the dismal performance of the largest export earning textile sector is causing serious problems for the state in its efforts for registering quantum jump in export earnings. Complaining about the high cost of production of textile products due to expensive raw materials and high rates of utilizes the textile associations are clamoring for incentives in the shape of RD support to enable them to compete in the international market. The breakup shows that almost all the categories in textile group performed dismally during the period under review. (Pakistan Textile Journal, October2008) (Microeconomics of competitiveness, Textiles cluster in Pakistan, 2007) Social Liabilities and Duties: 160 million population growing @ 3% Growing trend of urbanization Viable middle class Increasing literacy among females Per capita income growing @ 14% = $ 652 GDP growth = 2% Retail whole sale trade is 18.4 % of GDP Stock exchange crossed 8000 points million of expatriate workers Technological Requirements and up gradation: Pakistan textile industry is blessed with state of the art machinery, and local entrepreneurs remain well updated in this scenario. Thou, there is no or limited government support in up gradation programs at the moment, but previously from 2003 to 2005 this sector has enjoyed multiple benefits on import of technology and machinery in terms of GOPs program for BMR, so that industry could be geared up to meet challenges of WTO, once the quota regime was over. PORTER Five Forces Model: One of the worst hit sectors during the skyrocketing interest rate scenario in the late 90s and early 2000s, the debt-laden Pakistan textile industry has spun many turn-around stories since then. Aided by lower interest rates, restructuring packages from financial institutions and the recent dismantle of quotas; the sector is today well poised to capture growth opportunities. In 2008, the sector contributed 20% to industrial production, 9% to excise collections, 18% of employment in industrial sector, nearly 20% to the countrys total export earnings and 4% to the GDP. The textile sector employs nearly 35 m people and is the second highest employer in the country. Infect, it is estimated that one out of every six households in the country directly or indirectly depend on this sector. Here we analyze the sectors dynamics through Porters five-factor model. (Thompson, Strickland III,Strategic Management, Concepts and Cases. 15th Edition) Bargaining power of customers (demand scenario): Factors HUFA MUFA Neutral MFA HFA 1 2 3 4 5 Number of Important buyers Few X Many Threat of Backward integration High X Low Product supplied Comodity X Speciality Switching cost Low X High % of buyers cost High X Low Profit Earned by Buyer High X Low Total 15 2 4 0 4 5 Score 2.50 Global textile clothing industry is currently pegged at around US$ 440 bn. US and European markets dominate the global textile trade accounting for 64% of clothing and 39% of textile market. With the dismantling of quotas, global textile trade is expected to grow (as per Mc Kinsey estimates) to US$ 650 bn by 2010 (5 year CAGR of 10%). Although China is likely to become the supplier of choice, other low cost producers like Pakistan would also benefit as the overseas importers would try to mitigate their risk of sourcing from only one country. The two-fold increase in global textile trade is also likely to drive Pakistans exports growth. Pakistans textile export (at US$ 15 bn in 2005) is expected to grow to US$ 40 bn, capturing a market share of close to 8% by 2010. Pakistan, in particular, is likely to benefit from the rising demand in the home textiles and apparels

Advertising Analysis Essay -- Ad Advertisement Commercial Essays

Advertising Analysis This paper will analyze an ATT commercial according to audience, purpose, context, ethics, and stance. The focus will emphasize the audience which the aid is trying to reach and how they do so. The commercial begins with Latino rap music playing in the background, as a man drives up in a 62 chevy low rider convertible. This car is the paramount of ghetto style enhancement. As he pulls up it is impossible not to notice his car’s insanely high-powered hydraulics. This car is classic and one can tell its worth by it expensive paint job alone. The driver is dressed in an aristocratic ghetto style which includes and expensive watch and better than average clothing. A goatee adds to this style of appearance. The driver asks a group of four young people if they are using the phone that one of them is leaning against. One of the shocked juveniles responds that he isn’t using the phone. The driver says,†The great thing about 1-800 call ATT is the rates don’t bounce up and down†.The driver then tries to hop out of the insanely rocking car but trips and lands on his face in the street. He dials 1-800 call ATT and shakes out his hand as the sou nd effects of a cracking whip coincides. He then says,†smooth† to himself as if to affirm his coolness. One of the young ladies by the phone flashes him a questioning look. When the line picks up he states,†Sweetie, I need a ride†. The camera pans to his car that is bouncing down the street setting off car alarms. He then pounds his chest twice and holds out his fist, a ghetto gesture, again trying to reaffirm his coolness. The makers of this commercial intended the audience to be teenagers and young adults. The values used were sex appeal (of one of the... ...y they did this was by using hyperbole to such a point so as to make something stylish appear ludicrously funny. The repeated exposures to the service throughout the commercial also aids in selling the service. The time slot and channel for this commercial was also strategically planned so as to get the maximum exposure to the intended audience. There was no attempt to hide the blatant advertising. This was clearly meant to be seen as a commercial. However, the ethics were a bit on the shady side so as to make the deal seem better than it really was. The small print of the details makes it appear as though the company is trying to hide the truth and is shown only because it is mandatory. The rhetoric of this commercial is in short stating this commercial is meant to sell a service to young people through a comedic commercial while hiding the negative ethics.

Review of Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications

REVIEW ON MOBILE PRESENCE SERVICES IN SOCIAL NETWORK APPLICATIONS Abstraction—Today broad scopes of nomadic devices are available. As the use and engineering of nomadic devices additions, societal web applications are going popular. An indispensable constituent of this societal web application is nomadic presence service, which maintains each nomadic user’s presence information. The presence information means the current position, GPS location of nomadic user and besides updates the user’s online friend’s information. As the update occur often, figure of message distributed by presence waiter may take to scalability job.To specify this job, scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined.In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .A weak consistent scheme is used to cut down the presentment traffic. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users. This paper makes a reapprais al on work outing buddy list hunt job.The consequence shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation addition in the hunt cost without compromising hunt satisfaction. Keywords—social web ; nomadic presence service ; presence information ;I. IntroductionMobile computer science is human-computer by which a computing machine is expected to be transported during normal use. This involved nomadic communicating, hardware etc. Chiefly nomadic calculating describes about communicating among client to server, client to other terminal user, waiter to server etc. Today as the engineering and use of cyberspace additions, societal web application/services ( illustrations are Facebook [ 1 ] , Twitter [ 2 ] , buddycloud [ 3 ] , Google latitude [ 4 ] , foursquare [ 5 ] ) go popular in worldwide. Many communications like confab, online concern, informations sharing etc can be done utilizing societal web application/services. Hence, it is inevitable that societal web services will be the following coevals of nomadic cyberspace application. Mobile presence service is one of the of import component in societal web application. Mobile presence service means maintain up-to day of the month presence information of all nomadic user. Presence information includes location, position, activity etc about the nomadic users. Each nomadic user has a list of friend’s list which we can name as buddy list. On the other manus, we can state that buddy list contains the contact information of the user he/she needs to pass on. Each nomadic user in the societal w eb application gets information about their on-line friends/buddies via the presence information. The nomadic user’s position is broadcast automatically to the buddy list whenever the user moves from one position to another. So presentment is an of import portion in societal web application. Most presence services use server bunch engineering, to maximise hunt velocity and minimise the presentment clip. The waiter involved in this communicating, keeps up-to day of the month path of all these presence information sing the nomadic user. There are so many issues in nomadic computer science. Some are deficient bandwidth, require careful usage of practical private web, cell phone signals may do wellness jobs, signal jobs during going, more power ingestion during less signal strength etc. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .Here a weak consistent scheme is used to cut down the presentment traffic. Hence presentment clip can be cut downing. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users. Instantaneous message provides communicating ( online confab ) between two or more users over cyberspace. Microsoft courier, yahoo courier are some of the illustrations for the instant message. Overview of the available characteristics, maps, architecture, protocols used in these popular populace IM web are described. Besides discuss advantages and disadvantages of these IM webs. In societal web application an efficient and scalable server-to-server sheathing architecture called PresenceCloud is used to better the efficiency of nomadic presence services for large-scale societal web. A quorum-based server-to-server architecture is used for efficient buddy list seeking. The comparing consequence shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation additions without giving hunt satisfaction. Search satisfaction is defined as the clip it takes to seek for the geting user’s buddy list.II. Different engineeringsThis subdivision describes assorted method or engineerings used in different systems. Here, foremost describes about different characteristics and maps supported by three most popular IM systems: AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo! Messenger. Second describes, in cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, to cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. Third describes about chord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. Finally, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. In [ 6 ] describes different maps and characteristics of three IM systems such as AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger. Instant messaging can be specify a public confab etc. In extra some provide file transportation, webcam use, voice confabs session etc. Here the writer comparing three IM systems ( AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger ) .All of these IM systems uses client-server architecture. Supporting immense figure of user is an of import issue in these IM systems. Two methods are available: 1 is symmetric and other is asymmetric. Each waiter performs indistinguishable maps in symmetric method and in asymmetric method each waiter execute peculiar activity assigned to it like log in, detecting other users, maintain chat room etc. For normal operation AIM uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer attack. Therefore two clients communicate straight without utilizing a confab room. For normal and voice confabs YMSG uses client-server architecture. Through centralised voice chat server YMSG voice traffic is routed. One advantage of utilizing this attack is that within the same confab room it can back up multiple users and each user can stipulate their ain voice specification. For normal operation MSN uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer approach.MSN voice chat session is limited to two individuals. Most of the IM systems have techniques for keeping list of friends. They are called buddy list, allow list and block list. Buddy list contain peoples that a user demand to pass on and supervise their presence. Block list contains peoples that a user demand to barricade communicating with them, it’s besides called black list. Allow li st contains people that a user needs to pass on. MSN, AIM and YMSG contains buddy list and block list.MSN and AIM besides contain allow list. Many web protocols like TCP and IP have used binary representation of informations in byte order. Application bed protocol ( HTTP and SMTP ) have used text-based attack. The advantage of utilizing bye order is that it supports efficient usage of infinite in the web. The advantage of text-based attack is that the representation is closer to human position information and debugging is easier.AIM and YMSG utilizations binary representation for their header.AIM contains two-level binary representation called FLAP and SNAC packages. Fixed length heading and variable length day of the month in FLAP packages. SNAC packages are subtype of FLAP packages that contains fixes length Fieldss followed by a variable information constituent. Fig.1.AIM FLAP and SNAC package format YMSG has individual degree construction for fixed Fieldss followed by variable length Fig.2.YMSG package format One of the of import job in IM suppliers are user send informations at inordinate rate, inundation caused in the web because of useless traffic.TCP provide some protection mechanism against this through congestion control.AIM has a complex algorithm for solve this, but it has different rate ( rates are based on a clip window ) bounds based on message type. The user will be warned, if the client exceeds the rate and if this continues, the waiter will get down dropping message and will unplug the client. YMSG has a bound of three IM per seconds. Another method to minimise the burden is by acquiring rid of idle clients. Each system in IM maintains a keep-alive pulse message: the connexion may be terminated if the client does non supply pulse message or response to the question. In AIM the client must direct this keep-alive message in every minute to the waiter. YMSG contains two types of pulse petition: a primary and a secondary.MSN has client and waiter pulse message. In [ 7 ] paper, to cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent scheme is used. In IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) , the presence waiter is responsible for advising an authorised spectator of the updated presence information. Presence service provides service to entree other user’s presence information such as the user position, activities and so on. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, a user with user equipment entree presence service in IMS. When the user provides information to the presence waiter, so user play the function as presentity and the user accesses other user’s information so it act as a spectator. In IMS, control signaling is carried out by call session control map ( CSCF ) .The presence service process is defined by 3rdcoevals partnership undertaking ( 3GPP ) The presence waiter instantly notifies other users in the contact, when the presence information of a user alterations. If the updates occur more often, so the figure of presentment messages increases. To cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. In delayed update, when the presence waiter receives the updated presence information, the presence waiter starts a delayed timer with a period T. This period is called delayed threshold. Within the period T, if the presence information is updated, so old information is replaced by the new information. When the timer expires, the presence waiter notifies the spectator of the presence information. Therefore, the presentments for the updates in T are saved. In [ 8 ] mentioned about chord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. A cardinal job that challenges peer-to-peer application is turn uping the node that store a peculiar information point. This paper presents a solution for this by showing chord. The chord provides one operation: given a key, it maps the cardinal onto a node.In peer-to-peer system, the application is distributed without any cardinal control, where the package running equivalent in functionality at each node. The corresponding node is responsible for hive awaying a value associated with the key. Chord uses hashing to delegate keys to allow chord nodes. Each chord node needs merely a few other nodes routing information. Because the routing tabular array is distributed to other nodes. If N-node presented in a system, so each node maintain information merely approximately O ( log N ) other nodes. The chord maintains its routing information as the nodes articulations and leaves a s ystem. In [ 9 ] paper, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. PresenceCloud solve the scalability job called buddy list hunt job. Buddy list hunt job can be defined as the scalability job occurs when presence service is overloaded with buddy hunt message. The PresenceCloud can be used to expeditiously question the system for buddy list hunt. In PresenceCloud design, it consists of three constituents: PresenceCloud waiter sheathing, one-hop caching scheme and directed buddy hunt. When the nomadic user get into the PresenceCloud, the user authenticate to the nomadic presence service. Then the nomadic user opens a TCP connexion to one of the presence waiter. The nomadic user sends a petition to the presence waiter for buddy list hunt. PresenceCloud returns the presence information of the brothers. PresenceCloud is based on grid-quorum system ( size is vn?vn. When a presence waiter joins into the PresenceCloud, it gets an Idaho in the grid and obtains its presence waiter list. Presence server node can take one column and one row of entries. This entry is called the presence waiter list. In the fig: 3, the figure of presence waiter n=9.The PresenceCloud is arranged in grid-quorum with v9?v9 size. The presence waiter node 8 has presence server list { 2,5,7,9 } and 3 has { 1,2,6,9 } . PresenceCloud uses a hoarding scheme to retroflex presence information of each user to better the efficiency of the searching operation. Each presence server node maintains presence information of the affiliated users. When the neighbour establishes a connexion to presence waiter, the cache is updated. When a presence waiter receives a query/request from the nomadic user, it can react non merely from the lucifers from its ain list, but besides provide lucifers from its caches. Fig:3 PresenceCloud Server Overlay The figure of presentment messages increases when the nomadic user often changes its presence information. This buddy list hunt job can be solved by utilizing an algorithm called directed buddy hunt algorithm. This algorithm uses bipartisan sheathing and one-hop caching scheme. This helps PresenceCloud to supply fleet responses for big figure of nomadic user. The algorithm is defined in [ 9 ] .III. ComparisonIn mesh based design, all the presence information at each node is replicated to other nodes. Hence its hunt cost is merely one message. In distributed hash tabular array ( chord based ) , no reproduction ; presence information of a user is merely stored in one presence waiter. Here, each brother must be searched one by one. In PresenceCloud, its hunts buddy list from ain node list and cache list. Besides notifies other users about the new presence information. Simulation consequence is mentioned in [ 9 ] .This paper shows graphical representation of their consequence. Findingss from that graphical representation are: ( I ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the figure of presence message is really low in PresenceCloud. Hence PresenceCloud outperforms all other design. ( two ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the mean seeking messages/user is low in PresenceCloud. That means PresenceCloud requires least message transmittal. ( three ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud additions bit by bit with the figure of presence waiter. ( four ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud is non impacted by the figure of brothers. When analysing hunt satisfaction in waiter architecture, the findings are ; ( I ) Buddy seeking latency grows with the figure of presence waiter in PresenceCloud. Here mesh-based design performs better. ( two ) When the figure of brothers additions, buddy hunt latency is really low in mesh-based design. but suffer to a great extent communicating cost.DecisionFrom the analysis and survey, it’s found that PresenceCloud achieves low hunt latency & A ; shows better public presentation than others. PresenceCloud solve brother list hunt job. Overall, PresenceCloud support a scalable nomadic presence service in big graduated table societal web services.Mentions[ 1 ] Facebook, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.facebook.com. [ 2 ] Twitter, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.twitter.com [ 3 ] Buddycloud, hypertext transfer protocol: //buddycloud.com [ 4 ] Google latitude, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com/imtl/enus/latitude/intro.html [ 5 ] Foursquare, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.foursquare.com [ 6 ] R. B. Jennings, E. M. Nahum, D. P. Olshefski, D. Saha, Z.-Y. Shae, and C. Waters, †A survey of cyberspace blink of an eye messaging and confab protocol, † IEEE Network, 2006. . [ 7 ] W.-E. Chen, Y.-B. Lin and R.-H. Liou, †A weakly consistent strategy for ims presence service, †IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communicationss, 2009. [ 8 ] I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, M. F. Kaashoek, and H. Balakrishnan, †Chord: A scalable peer-to-peer search service for cyberspace, †IEEE/ACM Tran. on Networking, 2003. [ 9 ] Chi-Jen Wu, Jan-Ming Ho â€Å"A Scalable Server Architecture for Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications, † IEEE minutess on nomadic computer science, 2013